Liquid Hydrogen Spills on Water—Risk and Consequences of Rapid Phase Transition

Modelling of liquid hydrogen spills

Evidence of a liquid-liquid phase transition in hot dense hydrogen.

We use pulsed-laser heating of hydrogen at static pressures in the megabar pressure region to search for the plasma phase transition to liquid atomic metallic hydrogen. We heat our samples substantially above the melting line and observe a plateau in a temperature vs. laser power curve that otherwise increases with power. This anomaly in the heating curve appears correlated with theoretical pre...

Liquid-liquid phase transition in hydrogen by coupled electron-ion Monte Carlo simulations.

The phase diagram of high-pressure hydrogen is of great interest for fundamental research, planetary physics, and energy applications. A first-order phase transition in the fluid phase between a molecular insulating fluid and a monoatomic metallic fluid has been predicted. The existence and precise location of the transition line is relevant for planetary models. Recent experiments reported con...

Liquid-liquid phase transition in compressed hydrogen from first-principles simulations.

The properties of compressed liquid hydrogen, the most abundant fluid in the universe, have been investigated by means of first-principles molecular dynamics at pressures between 75 and 175 GPa and temperatures closer to the freezing line than so far reported in shock-wave experiments. Evidence for a liquid-liquid transition between a molecular and a dissociated phase is provided. The transitio...

Liquid-liquid phase transition in water

Water shows anomalies different from most of other materials. Different sceniaros have been proposed to explain water anomalies, among which the liquid-liquid phase transition (LLPT) is the most discussed one. It attributes water anomalies to the existence of a hypothesized liquid-liquid critical point (LLCP) buried deep in the supercooled region. We briefly review the recent experimental and t...